Aviation Safety Class

In our Aviation Safety Class we have been discussing how the FAA and the NTSB give data and set gauges to fly by. Be that as it may, very little has been spoken for the sake of NASA. Obviously when the word NASA is referenced, the primary picture that rings a bell is of a Space Shuttle or the starting stage it lays on. Be that as it may, NASA is considerably more then simply space investigation, its likewise thegroup that has found significant data in aeronautics research. From our perusing, we have discovered that NASA is a fair gathering that works with the FAA, NTSB, military, and the business aeronautics industry. We additionally realize that NASA has two huge exploration habitats, one in Ames, California and one in Langley, Virginia. More often than not, the Langley place contemplates the physiological proportions of pilot remaining burden and propelled cockpit components. While, Ames works out issues managing operational ramifications when managing human components. A few instances of that would be cockpit asset the board, exhaustion and interchanges move, alongside the impact of cutting edge computerization on flight capability. The Aviation Safety Reporting System is additionally kept up in Ames. This framework offers data other then just NTSB reports. A case of this would be human-factors information that isnt dispersed through the Federal Government. Another preferred position that the Aviation Safety Reporting System has is that despite the fact that it has constraints, it can give out data about the impact of new advances or aircraft the board rehearses on human exhibitions. NASAs Langley Research Center has likewise been chosen to lead a national flight security activity. Its will probably decrease the airplane mishap rate by multiple times inside then next 10 years, and multiple times in the following two decades. As should be obvious this is a striking, amazing thought and program that NASA has arranged. This is an energizing...

General Definitions and Short Answer Questions Essay - 1

General Definitions and Short Answer Questions - Essay Example Hamdan v. Rumsfeld, alludes to a case brought under the steady gaze of the US Supreme Court in 2006 restoring a decision that the Bush’s military commissions were illegally set up given that its structures and methods repudiated the Uniform Code of Military Justice [UCMJ] just as the inside concurred Geneva show Ex Parte Quirin alludes to a case brought under the watchful eye of the Supreme Court in 1942 that restored a decision maintaining the defendability of the military council attempting eight Nazi specialists as unlawful soldiers. Military Commission Act of 2006 is an Act of congress marked into law by the then leader of the United States, George W. Bramble, approving and depicting preliminary strategies of suspected psychological militants by the military commission. Ex parte Milligan was a case before the United States Supreme Court in 1866 invalidating the preliminary of Lambdin Milligan, an American resident, by a military council as unlawful as long as common courts were operational. Boumediene v. Hedge alludes to a case where the United States’ Supreme Court announced the notwithstanding of â€Å"enemy combatants† held in the United States from getting to the law testing their confinement by the Military Commission Act (2006) as unlawful. FISC [Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court] is a United States’ government court built up under the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA) accused of managing warrant demands for reconnaissance of outside nationals associated with keeping an eye on the United States. The choice of attempting the 9/11 fear based oppressor suspects in regular citizen courts is one that has been met with analysis and inspiration in equivalent measure. Critical, the inquiry with regards to whether the regular citizen courts would accomplish more equity to the casualties of the 9/11 assault than the military council has never been progressively dark. Certainly, nothing would be more fulfilling to the casualties than

Compare Contrast New York Times Essay Topics

<h1>Compare Contrast New York Times Essay Topics</h1><p>There are numerous reasons why you ought to figure out how to think about difference New York Times exposition points. In the event that you are now extremely acquainted with the theme, at that point you can spare time and exertion by discovering individuals who can support you. On the off chance that you are curious about this style of exposition composing, at that point it is anything but difficult to track down an individual who can show you how to compose this kind of essay.</p><p></p><p>If you are an understudy, at that point there are bunches of chances for you to discover an educator to assist you with composing your papers. These teachers are regularly accessible through numerous universities. On the off chance that you are not an understudy, you might need to have a go at composing your own assignments, since there are loads of free instructional exercises accessible online.< /p><p></p><p>You will have the option to look at differentiate New York Times paper themes by utilizing a portion of the pre-composed layouts that are accessible on the Internet. You can likewise download test articles from these sites and use them as your guide. You may need to change the example expositions a smidgen, yet it is very simple to do.</p><p></p><p>You can look at differentiate New York Times article points by going on the web and scanning for the subjects that intrigue you the most. For instance, in the event that you are keen on the World Wide Web, you can scan for subjects like long range informal communication, web based business, blogging, or blogging and web based business. At the point when you discover the subject that intrigues you, you can start by making a rundown of around ten themes that you need to compose about.</p><p></p><p>As you are searching for instances of examination papers, you w ill find that there are a wide range of types accessible on the web. When you have done some exploration and locate a couple of tests that you like, at that point you can look at the changed styles of examination paper, since they all come in various styles.</p><p></p><p>There are numerous focal points to utilizing an examination paper in contrast with a conventional article. The principle favorable position of composing research papers versus an exposition is that you can compose so a lot or as meager as you have to. This implies you don't need to stress over taking an excessive amount of time, or going through an excessive amount of cash to locate the correct materials for your project.</p><p></p><p>Once you know about the various styles, you can start to look at these styles. There are loads of free assets online where you can download test articles and exploration papers and look at them. In the event that you take as much time as necessary and look at the changed styles of examination paper, you will have the option to pick the one that you like best.</p><p></p><p>You will have the option to analyze differentiate New York Times article subjects by utilizing the different instruments that are accessible on the web. You can discover free assets that are accessible online that can show you how to think about the different styles of examination paper. You should compose a great deal of exploration papers, so having a decent examination paper style is vital.</p>

How to do your dissertation secondary research in 4 steps

How to do your dissertation secondary research in 4 steps How to do your dissertation secondary research in 4 steps If you are reading this guide, it's very likely you may be doing secondary research for your dissertation, rather than primary. If this is indeed you, then here's the good news: secondary research is the easiest type of research! Congratulations! In a nutshell, secondary research is far more simple. So simple, in fact, that we have been able to explain how to do it completely in just 4 steps (see below). If nothing else, secondary research avoids the all-so-tiring efforts usually involved with primary research. Like recruiting your participants, choosing and preparing your measures, and spending days (or months) collecting your data. That said, you do still need to know how to do secondary research. Which is what you're here for. So, go make a decent-sized mug of your favourite hot beverage (consider a glass of water, too) then come back and get comfy. Here's what we'll cover in this guide: The basics: What's secondary research all about? Understanding secondary research Advantages of secondary research Disadvantages of secondary research Methods and purposes of secondary research Types of secondary data Sources of secondary data Secondary research process in 4 steps Step 1: Develop your research question(s) Step 2: Identify a secondary data set Step 3: Evaluate a secondary data set Step 4: Prepare and analyse secondary data Summary The basics: What's secondary research all about? Understanding secondary research So, what exactly do we mean when we say “secondary research”? To answer this question, let’s first recall what we mean by primary research. As you probably already know, primary research is when the researcher collects the data himself or herself. The researcher uses so-called “real-time” data, which means that the data is collected during the course of a specific research project and is under the researcher’s direct control. In contrast, secondary research involves data that has been collected by somebody else previously. This type of data is called “past data” and is usually accessible via past researchers, government records, and various online and offline resources. So to recap, secondary research involves re-analysing, interpreting, or reviewing past data. The role of the researcher is always to specify how this past data informs his or her current research. In contrast to primary research, secondary research is easier, particularly because the researcher is less involved with the actual process of collecting the data. Furthermore, secondary research requires less time and less money (i.e., you don’t need to provide your participants with compensation for participating or pay for any other costs of the research). TABLE 1 outlines the differences between primary and secondary research: Comparison basis PRIMARY RESEARCH SECONDARY RESEARCH Definition Involves collecting factual, first-hand data at the time of the research project Involves the use of data that was collected by somebody else in the past Type of data Real-time data Past data Conducted by The researcher himself/herself Somebody else Needs Addresses specific needs of the researcher May not directly address the researcher’s needs Involvement Researcher is very involved Researcher is less involved Completion time Long Short Cost High Low Advantages of secondary research Whatever type of research you are conducting, always be aware of its strengths and limitations. If you look at the table above, you should already be able to discern some advantages of secondary research. One of the most obvious advantages is that, compared to primary research, secondary research is inexpensive. Primary research usually requires spending a lot of money. For instance, members of the research team should be paid salaries. There are often travel and transportation costs. You may need to pay for office space and equipment, and compensate your participants for taking part. There may be other overhead costs too. These costs do not exist when doing secondary research. Although researchers may need to purchase secondary data sets, this is always less costly than if the research were to be conducted from scratch. As an undergraduate or graduate student, your dissertation project won't need to be an expensive endeavour. Thus, it is useful to know that you can further reduce costs, by using freely available secondary data sets. But this is far from the only consideration. Most students value another important advantage of secondary research, which is that secondary research saves you time. Primary research usually requires months spent recruiting participants, providing them with questionnaires, interviews, or other measures, cleaning the data set, and analysing the results. With secondary research, you can skip most of these daunting tasks; instead, you merely need to select, prepare, and analyse an existing data set. Moreover, you probably won’t need a lot of time to obtain your secondary data set, because secondary data is usually easily accessible. In the past, students needed to go to libraries and spend hours trying to find a suitable data set. New technologies make this process much less time-consuming. In most cases, you can find your secondary data through online search engines or by contacting previous researchers via email. A third important advantage of secondary research is that you can base your project on a large scope of data. If you wanted to obtain a large data set yourself, you would need to dedicate an immense amount of effort. What's more, if you were doing primary research, you would never be able to use longitudinal data in your graduate or undergraduate project, since it would take you years to complete. This is because longitudinal data involves assessing and re-assessing a group of participants over long periods of time. When using secondary data, however, you have an opportunity to work with immensely large data sets that somebody else has already collected. Thus, you can also deal with longitudinal data, which may allow you to explore trends and changes of phenomena over time. With secondary research, you are relying not only on a large scope of data, but also on professionally collected data. This is yet another advantage of secondary research. For instance, data that you will use for your secondary research project has been collected by researchers who are likely to have had years of experience in recruiting representative participant samples, designing studies, and using specific measurement tools. If you had collected this data yourself, your own data set would probably have more flaws, simply because of your lower level of expertise when compared to these professional researchers. Disadvantages of secondary research By now you may have concluded that using secondary data is a perfect option for your graduate or undergraduate dissertation. However, let’s not underestimate the disadvantages of doing secondary research. The first such disadvantage is that your secondary data may be, to a greater or lesser extent, inappropriate for your own research purposes. This is simply because you have not collected the data yourself. When you collect your data personally, you do so with a specific research question in mind. This makes it easy to obtain the relevant information. However, secondary data was always collected for the purposes of fulfilling other researchers’ goals and objectives. Thus, although secondary data may provide you with a large scope of professionally collected data, this data is unlikely to be fully appropriate to your own research question. There are several reasons for this. For instance, you may be interested in the data of a particular population, in a specific geographic region, and collected during a specific time frame. However, your secondary data may have focused on a slightly different population, may have been collected in a different geographical region, or may have been collected a long time ago. Apart from being potentially inappropriate for your own research purposes, secondary data could have a different format than you require. For instance, you might have preferred participants’ age to be in the form of a continuous variable (i.e., you want your participants to have indicated their specific age). But the secondary data set may contain a categorical age variable; for example, participants might have indicated an age group they belong to (e.g., 20-29, 30-39, 40-49, etc.). Or another example: A secondary data set may contain too few ethnic categories (e.g., “White” and “Other”), while you would ideally want a wider range of racial categories (e.g., “White”, “Black or African American”, “American Indian”, and “Asian”). Differences such as these mean that secondary data may not be perfectly appropriate for your research. The above two disadvantages may lead to yet another one: the existing data set may not answer your own research question(s) in an ideal way. As noted above, secondary data was collected with a different research question in mind, and this may limit its application to your own research purpose. Unfortunately, the list of disadvantages does not end here. An additional weakness of secondary data is that you have a lack of control over the quality of data. All researchers need to establish that their data is reliable and valid. But if the original researchers did not establish the reliability and validity of their data, this may limit its reliability and validity for your research as well. To establish reliability and validity, you are usually advised to critically evaluate how the data was gathered, analysed, and presented. But here lies the final disadvantage of doing secondary research: original researchers may fail to provide sufficient information on how their research was conducted. You might be faced with a lack of information on recruitment procedures, sample representativeness, data collection methods, employed measurement tools and statistical analyses, and the like. This may require you to take extra steps to obtain such information, if that is possible at all. TABLE 2 provides a full summary of advantages and disadvantages of secondary research: ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES Inexpensive: Conducting secondary research is much cheaper than doing primary research Inappropriateness: Secondary data may not be fully appropriate for your research purposes Saves time: Secondary research takes much less time than primary research Wrong format: Secondary data may have a different format than you require Accessibility: Secondary data is usually easily accessible from online sources. May not answer your research question: Secondary data was collected with a different research question in mind Large scope of data: You can rely on immensely large data sets that somebody else has collected Lack of control over the quality of data: Secondary data may lack reliability and validity, which is beyond your control Professionally collected data: Secondary data has been collected by researchers with years of experience Lack of sufficient information: Original authors may not have provided sufficient information on various research aspects Methods and purposes of secondary research So far, we have defined secondary research and outlined its advantages and disadvantages. At this point, we should ask: “What are the methods of secondary research?” and “When do we use each of these methods?” Here, we can differentiate between three methods of secondary research: using a secondary data set in isolation, combining two secondary data sets, and combining secondary and primary data sets. Let’s outline each of these separately, and also explain when to use each of these methods. Initially, you can use a secondary data set in isolation â€" that is, without combining it with other data sets. You dig and find a data set that is useful for your research purposes and then base your entire research on that set of data. You do this when you want to re-assess a data set with a different research question in mind. Let’s illustrate this with a simple example. Suppose that, in your research, you want to investigate whether pregnant women of different nationalities experience different levels of anxiety during different pregnancy stages. Based on the literature, you have formed an idea that nationality may matter in this relationship between pregnancy and anxiety. If you wanted to test this relationship by collecting the data yourself, you would need to recruit many pregnant women of different nationalities and assess their anxiety levels throughout their pregnancy. It would take you at least a year to complete this research project. Instead of undertaking this long endeavour, you thus decide to find a secondary data set â€" one that investigated (for instance) a range of difficulties experienced by pregnant women in a nationwide sample. The original research question that guided this research could have been: “to what extent do pregnant women experience a range of mental health difficulties, including stress, anxiety, mood disorders, and paranoid thoughts?” The original researchers might have outlined women’s nationality, but weren’t particularly interested in investigating the link between women’s nationality and anxiety at different pregnancy stages. You are, therefore, re-assessing their data set with your own research question in mind. Your research may, however, require you to combine two secondary data sets. You will use this kind of methodology when you want to investigate the relationship between certain variables in two data sets or when you want to compare findings from two past studies. To take an example: One of your secondary data sets may focus on a target population’s tendency to smoke cigarettes, while the other data set focuses on the same population’s tendency to drink alcohol. In your own research, you may thus be looking at whether there is a correlation between smoking and drinking among this population. Here is a second example: Your two secondary data sets may focus on the same outcome variable, such as the degree to which people go to Greece for a summer vacation. However, one data set could have been collected in Britain and the other in Germany. By comparing these two data sets, you can investigate which nation tends to visit Greece more. Finally, your research project may involve combining primary and secondary data. You may decide to do this when you want to obtain existing information that would inform your primary research. Let’s use another simple example and say that your research project focuses on American versus British people’s attitudes towards racial discrimination. Let’s say that you were able to find a recent study that investigated Americans’ attitudes of these kind, which were assessed with a certain set of measures. However, your search finds no recent studies on Britons’ attitudes. Let’s also say that you live in London and that it would be difficult for you to assess Americans’ attitudes on the topic, but clearly much more straightforward to conduct primary research on British attitudes. In this case, you can simply reuse the data from the American study and adopt exactly the same measures with your British participants. Your secondary data is being combined with your primary data. Alternatively, you may combine these types of data when the role of your secondary data is to outline descriptive information that supports your research. For instance, if your project is focusing on attitudes towards McDonald’s food, you may want to support your primary research with secondary data that outlines how many people eat McDonald’s in your country of choice. TABLE 3 summarises particular methods and purposes of secondary research: METHOD PURPOSE Using secondary data set in isolation Re-assessing a data set with a different research question in mind Combining two secondary data sets Investigating the relationship between variables in two data sets or comparing findings from two past studies Combining secondary and primary data sets Obtaining existing information that informs your primary research Types of secondary data The two most common types of secondary research are, as with all types of data, quantitative and qualitative. Secondary research can, therefore, be conducted by using either quantitative or qualitative data sets. We have already provided above several examples of using quantitative secondary data. This type of data is used when the original study has investigated a population’s tendency to smoke or drink alcohol, the degree to which people from different nationalities go to Greece for their summer vacation, or the degree to which pregnant women experience anxiety. In all these examples, outcome variables were assessed by questionnaires, and thus the obtained data was numerical. Quantitative secondary research is much more common than qualitative secondary research. However, this is not to say that you cannot use qualitative secondary data in your research project. This type of secondary data is used when you want the previously-collected information to inform your current research. More specifically, it is used when you want to test the information obtained through qualitative research by implementing a quantitative methodology. For instance, a past qualitative study might have focused on the reasons why people choose to live on boats. This study might have interviewed some 30 participants and noted the four most important reasons people live on boats: (1) they can lead a transient lifestyle, (2) they have an increased sense of freedom, (3) they feel that they are “world citizens”, and (4) they can more easily visit their family members who live in different locations. In your own research, you can therefore reuse this qualitative data to form a questionnaire, which you then give to a larger population of people who live on boats. This will help you to generalise the previously-obtained qualitative results to a broader population. Importantly, you can also re-assess a qualitative data set in your research, rather than using it as a basis for your quantitative research. Let’s say that your research focuses on the kind of language that people who live on boats use when describing their transient lifestyles. The original research did not focus on this research question per se â€" however, you can reuse the information from interviews to “extract” the types of descriptions of a transient lifestyle that were given by participants. TABLE 4 highlights the two main types of secondary data and their associated purposes: TYPES PURPOSES Quantitative Both can be used when you want to (a) inform your current research with past data, and (b) re-assess a past data set Qualitative Both can be used when you want to (a) inform your current research with past data, and (b) re-assess a past data set Sources of secondary data The two most common types of secondary data sources are labelled as internal and external. Internal sources of data are those that are internal to the organisation in question. For instance, if you are doing a research project for an organisation (or research institution) where you are an intern, and you want to reuse some of their past data, you would be using internal data sources. The benefit of using these sources is that they are easily accessible and there is no associated financial cost of obtaining them. External sources of data, on the other hand, are those that are external to an organisation or a research institution. This type of data has been collected by “somebody else”, in the literal sense of the term. The benefit of external sources of data is that they provide comprehensive data â€" however, you may sometimes need more effort (or money) to obtain it. Let’s now focus on different types of internal and external secondary data sources. There are several types of internal sources. For instance, if your research focuses on an organisation’s profitability, you might use their sales data. Each organisation keeps a track of its sales records, and thus your data may provide information on sales by geographical area, types of customer, product prices, types of product packaging, time of the year, and the like. Alternatively, you may use an organisation’s financial data. The purpose of using this data could be to conduct a cost-benefit analysis and understand the economic opportunities or outcomes of hiring more people, buying more vehicles, investing in new products, and so on. Another type of internal data is transport data. Here, you may focus on outlining the safest and most effective transportation routes or vehicles used by an organisation. Alternatively, you may rely on marketing data, where your goal would be to assess the benefits and outcomes of different marketing operations and strategies. Some other ideas would be to use customer data to ascertain the ideal type of customer, or to use safety data to explore the degree to which employees comply with an organisation’s safety regulations. The list of the types of internal sources of secondary data can be extensive; the most important thing to remember is that this data comes from a particular organisation itself, in which you do your research in an internal manner. The list of external secondary data sources can be just as extensive. One example is the data obtained through government sources. These can include social surveys, health data, agricultural statistics, energy expenditure statistics, population censuses, import/export data, production statistics, and the like. Government agencies tend to conduct a lot of research, therefore covering almost any kind of topic you can think of. Another external source of secondary data are national and international institutions, including banks, trade unions, universities, health organisations, etc. As with government, such institutions dedicate a lot of effort to conducting up-to-date research, so you simply need to find an organisation that has collected the data on your own topic of interest. Alternatively, you may obtain your secondary data from trade, business, and professional associations. These usually have data sets on business-related topics and are likely to be willing to provide you with secondary data if they understand the importance of your research. If your research is built on past academic studies, you may also rely on scientific journals as an external data source. Once you have specified what kind of secondary data you need, you can contact the authors of the original study. As a final example of a secondary data source, you can rely on data from commercial research organisations. These usually focus their research on media statistics and consumer information, which may be relevant if, for example, your research is within media studies or you are investigating consumer behaviour. TABLE 5 summarises the two sources of secondary data and associated examples: INTERNAL SOURCES EXTERNAL SOURCES Definition: Internal to the organisation or research institution where you conduct your research Definition: External to the organisation or research institution where you conduct your research Examples: • Sales data • Financial data • Transport data • Marketing data • Customer data • Safety data Examples: • Government sources • National and international institutions • Trade, business, and professional associations • Scientific journals • Commercial research organisations Secondary research process in 4 steps In previous sections of this guide, we have covered some basic aspects of doing secondary research. We have defined secondary data, outlined its advantages and disadvantages, introduced the methods and purposes of secondary research, and outlined the types and sources of secondary data. At this point, you should have a clearer understanding of secondary research in general terms. Now it may be useful to focus on the actual process of doing secondary research. This next section is organised to introduce you to each step of this process, so that you can rely on this guide while planning your study. At the end of this blog post, in Table 6, you will find a summary of all the steps of doing secondary research. Step 1: Develop your research question(s) Secondary research begins exactly like any type of research: by developing your research question(s). For an undergraduate thesis, you are often provided with a specific research question by your supervisor. But for most other types of research, and especially if you are doing your graduate thesis, you need to arrive at a research question yourself. The first step here is to specify the general research area in which your research will fall. For example, you may be interested in the topic of anxiety during pregnancy, or tourism in Greece, or transient lifestyles. Since we have used these examples previously, it may be useful to rely on them again to illustrate our discussion. Once you have identified your general topic, your next step consists of reading through existing papers to see whether there is a gap in the literature that your research can fill. At this point, you may discover that previous research has not investigated national differences in the experiences of anxiety during pregnancy, or national differences in a tendency to go to Greece for a summer vacation, or that there is no literature generalising the findings on people’s choice to live on boats. Having found your topic of interest and identified a gap in the literature, you need to specify your research question. In our three examples, research questions would be specified in the following manner: (1) “Do women of different nationalities experience different levels of anxiety during different stages of pregnancy?”, (2) “Are there any differences in an interest in Greek tourism between Germans and Britons?”, and (3) “Why do people choose to live on boats?”. Step 2: Identify a secondary data set As we mentioned above, most research begins by specifying what is already known on the topic and what knowledge seems to be missing. This process involves considering the kind of data previously collected on the topic. It is at this point, after reviewing the literature and specifying your research questions, that you may decide to rely on secondary data. You will do this if you discover that there is past data that would be perfectly reusable in your own research, therefore helping you to answer your research question more thoroughly (and easily). But how do you discover if there is past data that could be useful for your research? You do this through reviewing the literature on your topic of interest. During this process, you will identify other researchers, organisations, agencies, or research centres that have explored your research topic. Somewhere there, you may discover a useful secondary data set. You then need to contact the original authors and ask for a permission to use their data. (Note, however, that this happens only if you are relying on external sources of secondary data. If you are doing your research internally (i.e., within a particular organisation), you don’t need to search through the literature for a secondary data set â€" you can just reuse some past data that was collected within the organisation itself.) In any case, you need to ensure that a secondary data set is a good fit for your own research question. Once you have established that it is, you need to specify the reasons why you have decided to rely on secondary data. For instance, your choice to rely on secondary data in the above examples might be as follows: (1) A recent study has focused on a range of mental difficulties experienced by women in a multinational sample and this data can be reused; (2) There is existing data on Germans’ and Britons’ interest in Greek tourism and these data sets can be compared; and (3) There is existing qualitative research on the reasons for choosing to live on boats, and this data can be relied upon to conduct a further quantitative investigation. Step 3: Evaluate a secondary data set If you recall our previous discussion on the disadvantages of secondary data, you will remember us specifying that: (1) secondary data may not be fully appropriate for your research purposes, (2) secondary data may have a different format than you require, (3) secondary data may lack reliability and validity, (4) secondary data may not answer your research question, and (5) original authors may have failed to provide sufficient information about their research. Because such disadvantages of secondary data can limit the effectiveness of your research, it is crucial that you evaluate a secondary data set. To ease this process, we outline here a reflective approach that will allow you to evaluate secondary data in a stepwise fashion. Step 3(a): What was the aim of the original study? When evaluating secondary data, you first need to identify the aim of the original study. This is important because the original authors’ goals will have impacted several important aspects of their research, including their population of choice, sample, employed measurement tools, and the overall context of the research. During this step, you also need to pay close attention to any differences in research purposes and research questions between the original study and your own investigation. As we have discussed previously, you will often discover that the original study had a different research question in mind, and it is important for you to specify this difference. Let’s put this step of identifying the aim of the original study in practice, by referring to our three research examples. The aim of the first research example was to investigate mental difficulties (e.g., stress, anxiety, mood disorders, and paranoid thoughts) in a multinational sample of pregnant women. How does this aim differ from your research aim? Well, you are seeking to reuse this data set to investigate national differences in anxiety experienced by women during different pregnancy stages. When it comes to the second research example, you are basing your research on two secondary data sets â€" one that aimed to investigate Germans’ interest in Greek tourism and the other that aimed to investigate Britons’ interest in Greek tourism. While these two studies focused on particular national populations, the aim of your research is to compare Germans’ and Britons’ tendency to visit Greece for summer vacation. Finally, in our third example, the original research was a qualitative investigation into the reasons for living on boats. Your research question is different, because, although you are seeking to do the same investigation, you wish to do so by using a quantitative methodology. Importantly, in all three examples, you conclude that secondary data may in fact answer your research question. If you conclude otherwise, it may be wise to find a different secondary data set or to opt for primary research. Step 3(b): Who has collected the data? A further step in evaluating a secondary data set is to ask yourself who has collected the data. To what institution were the authors affiliated? Were the original authors professional enough to trust their research? Usually, you will be able to obtain this information through quick online searches. Let’s say that, in our example of research on pregnancy, data was collected by the UK government; that in our example of research on Greek tourism, the data was collected by a travel agency; and that in our example of research on the reasons for choosing to live on boats, the data was collected by researchers from a UK university. Let’s also say that you have checked the background of these organisations and researchers, and that you have concluded that they all have a sufficiently professional background, except for the travel agency. Given that this agency’s research did not lead to a publication (for instance), and given that not much can be found about the authors of the research, you conclude that the professionalism of this data source remains unclear. Step 3(c): Which measures were employed? If the study on which you are basing your research was conducted in a professional manner, you can expect to have access to all the essential information regarding this research. Original authors should have documented all their sample characteristics, measures, procedures, and protocols. This information can be obtained either in their final research report or through contacting the authors directly. It is important for you to know what type of data was collected, which measures were used, and whether such measures were reliable and valid (if they were quantitative measures). You also need to make a clear outline of the type of data collected â€" and especially the data relevant for your research. Let’s say that, in our first example, researchers have (among other assessed variables) used a demographic measure to note women’s nationalities and have used the State Anxiety Inventory to assess women’s anxiety levels during different pregnancy stages, both of which you conclude are valid and reliable tools. In our second example, the authors might have crafted their own measure to assess interest in Greek tourism, but there may be no established validity and reliability for this measure. And in our third example, the authors have employed semi-structured interviews, which cover the most important reasons for wanting to live on boats. Step 3(d): When was the data collected? When evaluating secondary data, you should also note when the data was collected. The reason for this is simple: if the data was collected a long time ago, you may conclude that it is outdated. And if the data is outdated, then what’s the point of reusing it? Ideally, you want your secondary data to have been collected within the last five years. For the sake of our examples, let’s say that all three original studies were conducted within this time-range. Step 3(e): What methodology was used to collect the data? When evaluating the quality of a secondary data set, the evaluation of the employed methodology may be the most crucial step. We have already noted that you need to evaluate the reliability and validity of employed measures. In addition to this, you need to evaluate how the sample was obtained, whether the sample was large enough, if the sample was representative of the population, if there were any missing responses on employed measures, whether confounders were controlled for, and whether the employed statistical analyses were appropriate. Any drawbacks in the original methodology may limit your own research as well. For the sake of our examples, let’s say that the study on mental difficulties in pregnant women recruited a representative sample of pregnant women (i.e., they had different nationalities, different economic backgrounds, different education levels, etc.) in maternity wards of seven hospitals; that the sample was large enough (N = 945); that the number of missing values was low; that many confounders were controlled for (e.g., education level, age, presence of partnership, etc.); and that statistical analyses were appropriate (e.g., regression analyses were used). Let’s further say that our second research example had slightly less sufficient methodology. Although the number of participants in the two samples was high enough (N1 = 453; N2 = 488), the number of missing values was low, and statistical analyses were appropriate (descriptive statistics), the authors failed to report how they recruited their participants and whether they controlled for any confounders. Let’s say that these authors also failed to provide you with more information via email. Finally, let’s assume that our third research example also had sufficient methodology, with a sufficiently large sample size for a qualitative investigation (N = 30), high sample representativeness (participants with different backgrounds, coming from different boat communities), and sufficient analyses (thematic analysis). Note that, since this was a qualitative investigation, there is no need to evaluate the number of missing values and the use of confounders. Step 3(f): Making a final evaluation Having considered all the things outlined in the steps above, what can you conclude regarding the quality of your secondary data set? Again, let’s consider our three examples. We would conclude that the secondary data from our first research example has a high quality. Data was recently collected by professionals, the employed measures were both reliable and valid, and the methodology was more than sufficient. We can be confident that our new research question can be sufficiently answered with the existing data. Thus, the data set for our first example is ideal. The two secondary data sets from our second research example seem, however, less than ideal. Although we can answer our research questions on the basis of these recent data sets, the data was collected by an unprofessional source, the reliability and validity of the employed measure is uncertain, and the employed methodology has a few notable drawbacks. Finally, the data from our third example seems sufficient both for answering our research question and in terms of the specific evaluations (data was collected recently by a professional source, semi-structured interviews were well made, and the employed methodology was sufficient). The final question to ask is: “what can be done if our evaluation reveals the lack of appropriateness of secondary data?”. The answer, unfortunately, is “nothing”. In this instance, you can only note the drawbacks of the original data set, present its limitations, and conclude that your own research may not be sufficiently well grounded. Step 4: Prepare and analyse secondary data During the secondary data evaluation process, you will familiarise yourself with the original research. Having done so, your next step is to prepare a secondary data set. Your first sub-step here (if you are doing quantitative research) is to outline all variables of interest that you will use in your study. In our first example, you could have at least five variables of interest: (1) women’s nationality, (2) anxiety levels at the beginning of pregnancy, (3) anxiety levels at three months of pregnancy, (4) anxiety levels at six months of pregnancy, and (5) anxiety levels at nine months of pregnancy. In our second example, you will have two variables of interest: (1) participants’ nationality, and (2) the degree of interest in going to Greece for a summer vacation. Once your variables of interest are identified, you need to transfer this data into a new SPSS or Excel file. Remember simply to copy this data into the new file â€" it is vital that you do not alter it! Once this is done, you should address missing data (identify and label them) and recode variables if necessary (e.g., giving a value of 1 to German participants and a value of 2 to British participants). You may also need to reverse-score some items, so that higher scores on all items indicate a higher degree of what is being assessed. Most of the time, you will also need to create new variables â€" that is, to compute final scores. For instance, in our example of research on anxiety during pregnancy, your data will consist of scores on each item of the State Anxiety Inventory, completed at various times during pregnancy. You will need to calculate final anxiety scores for each time the measure was completed. Your final step consists of analysing the data. You will always need to decide on the most suitable analysis technique for your secondary data set. In our first research example, you would rely on MANOVA (to see if women of different nationalities experience different stress levels at the beginning, at three months, at six months, and at nine months of pregnancy); and in our second example, you would use an independent samples t-test (to see if interest in Greek tourism differs between Germans and Britons). The process of preparing and analysing a secondary data set is slightly different if your secondary data is qualitative. In our example on the reasons for living on boats, you would first need to outline all reasons for living on boats, as recognised by the original qualitative research. Then you would need to craft a questionnaire that assesses these reasons in a broader population. Finally, you would need to analyse the data by employing statistical analyses. Note that this example combines qualitative and quantitative data. But what if you are reusing qualitative data, as in our previous example of re-coding the interviews from our study to discover the language used when describing transient lifestyles? Here, you would simply need to recode the interviews and conduct a thematic analysis. TABLE 6: STEPS FOR DOING SECONDARY RESEARCH EXAMPLE 1: USING SECONDARY DATA IN ISOLATION EXAMPLE 2: COMBINING TWO SECONDARY DATA SETS Outline all variables of interest; Transfer data to a new file; Address missing data; Recode variables; Calculate final scores; Analyse the data 1. Develop your research question Do women of different nationalities experience different levels of anxiety during different stages of pregnancy? Are there differences in an interest in Greek tourism between Germans and Britons? Why do people choose to live on boats? 2. Identify a secondary data set A recent study has focused on a range of mental difficulties experienced by women in a multinational sample and this data can be reused There is existing data on Germans’ and Britons’ interest in Greek tourism and these data sets can be compared There is existing qualitative research on the reasons for choosing to live on boats, and this data can be relied upon to conduct a further quantitative investigation 3. Evaluate a secondary data set (a) What was the aim of the original study? To investigate mental difficulties (e.g., stress, anxiety, mood disorders, and paranoid thoughts) in a multinational sample of pregnant women Study 1: To investigate Germans’ interest in Greek tourism; Study 2: To investigate Britons’ interest in Greek tourism To conduct a qualitative investigation on reasons for choosing to live on boats (b) Who has collected the data? UK government (professional source) Travel agency (uncertain professionalism) UK university (professional source) (c) Which measures were employed? Demographic characteristics (nationality) and State Anxiety Inventory (reliable and valid) Self-crafted measure to assess interest in Greek tourism (reliability and validity not established) Semi-structured interviews (well-constructed) (d) When was the data collected? 2015 (not outdated) 2013 (not outdated) 2014 (not outdated) (e) What methodology was used to collect the data? Sample was representative (women from different backgrounds); large sample size (N = 975); low number of missing values; confounders controlled for (e.g., age, education, partnership status); analyses appropriate (regression) Sample representativeness not reported; sufficient sample sizes (N1 = 453, N2 = 488); low number of missing values; confounders not controlled for; analyses appropriate (descriptive statistics) Sample was representative (participants of different backgrounds, from different boat communities); sufficient sample size (N = 30); analyses appropriate (thematic analysis) (f) Making a final evaluation Sufficiently developed data set Insufficiently developed data set Sufficiently developed data set 4. Prepare and analyse secondary data Outline all variables of interest; Transfer data to a new file; Address missing data; Recode variables; Calculate final scores; Analyse the data Outline all variables of interest; Transfer data to a new file; Address missing data; Recode variables; Calculate final scores; Analyse the data Outline all reasons for living on boats; Craft a questionnaire that assesses these reasons in a broader population; Analyse the data In summary… This might have been a long read to accompany your cup of coffee or tea, but you should, by now, know how to do your secondary research. Hopefully you will have concluded that doing secondary research is not that hard. Just follow the guidelines summarised in Table 6 and you are all set. ^ Jump to top The Ultimate Guide to Writing a Dissertation See all articles in the series How to do your dissertation secondary research in 4 steps A complete guide to dissertation primary research How to write a dissertation proposal Navigating tutorials with your dissertation supervisor Planning a dissertation: the dos and donts Dissertation research: how to find dissertation resources dissertation helpdissertation primary researchdissertation researchdissertation tipsstudy skillsstudy tips

Essay Writing Tips For the Dream Job

<h1>Essay Writing Tips For the Dream Job</h1><p>If you are attempting to compose a postulation articulation for your task for school, at that point I emphatically propose that you focus on your exposition composing. The most significant component of the course is to fulfill the rules of the educator. This is accomplished by setting up an incredible exposition that contains the essential points.</p><p></p><p>It may appear to be an overwhelming assignment from the start, however it isn't as troublesome as you may might suspect. You can undoubtedly locate some incredible article composing help on the web or even from teachers. Be that as it may, do you truly comprehend what you ought to write?</p><p></p><p>Some individuals even waver when the task is expected on the grounds that they don't have the opportunity to get ready. I know direct how it feels to be in this position. My fantasy work is additionally reliant on a sup erb article. I am certain that you have thought that it was extremely difficult to compose a paper while going to a full-time school. More often than not, individuals come up short on the motivation to finish the assignments of the professors.</p><p></p><p>You will get a thought how to make an awesome article in the event that you invest some energy inquiring about for the subjects that you might want to talk about in your paper. On the off chance that you would prefer not to spend any cash on assets, at that point I propose that you attempt to peruse online however much as could be expected and search with the expectation of complimentary assets. There are numerous destinations where you can discover huge amounts of assets to assist you with your writing.</p><p></p><p>However, on the off chance that you are pondering how to turn into a paper author, it is likewise fundamental that you deal with the syntax and accentuation signs of you r expositions. This doesn't imply that you need to invest energy searching for the correct spellings for the words that you are composing. Rather, you should attempt to utilize the right spellings for your motivation. You may be asking why I have referenced the correct spelling for the word that you need to use in your essay.</p><p></p><p>First of all, appropriate accentuation imprints will help you in maintaining a strategic distance from pointless employments of shout marks, which may just be in an inappropriate spots. Additionally, the utilization of the word 'and'or' might confound your perusers. Beside this, incorrect spellings may make your paper look less noteworthy. Besides, your paper will be boundless in the event that you don't make it understood enough in the first place.</p><p></p><p>Lastly, recollect that you ought not compose your exposition in the last minute. Being sorted out can have the effect between composing a pow erful article and one that must be reworked. Recollect that the educator won't be fulfilled in the event that the individual gets a couple of hours of your essay.</p><p></p><p>Writing articles can be somewhat precarious however you can attempt a portion of the methods that I have referenced previously. There are likewise assets that can assist you with this. In the event that you have a feeling that you are not readied, at that point perhaps the time has come to search for some extra assistance or to counsel another person who is eager to compose a similar exposition for you.</p>

What You Dont Know About Social Commentary Essay Topics

<h1> What You Don't Know About Social Commentary Essay Topics </h1> <p>When you get an assignment to form an article on a social issue, you're allowed to open an energizing talk. A Proposal that is both fit for unraveling the issue and reasonable for doing so is believed to be achievable. Despite the fact that it very well may be carefully basic or steady, it isn't exceptional for the postulation to contain a blend of the two. There are two or three fundamental things you need to know about before you even start picking social issues paper subjects. </p> <p>It is essential to encounter the creator rules cautiously and ensure that every one of these prerequisites are met before accommodation. The expectation of relegating an article to center school understudies is to make mindfulness and license them to create composing aptitudes. Try not to stop for a second to utilize our example subjects to create your own!</p> <p>As you're figuring out how to make an artistic investigation, the presentation is significant for catching the enthusiasm of the peruser. Since you may see, most the thoughts above are close to home analysis article points for what's significant throughout everyday life. Last, incorporate yourown proposition and the manner in which you're going to structure the critique. Hi and average night everybody. </p> <p>A part of ordinary talk and web based life destinations, as a general rule, fill in as a kind of social examination. To get a chance of being executed, a Proposal ought to set up that its answer will have the planned outcomes and that it fits the situation. At this progression, you must know the basic data surrendered in the compose. Verifying you realize how to structure a significant critique and afterward following the fundamental arrangement of rules, is a piece of the way to getting a sublime gradein a paper. </p> <p>The government ought to make something fundamentally the same as what the school does, this would get together a decent arrangement of cash that would go to a huge reason. This issue should be something which is a general issue or worry in the public eye some place on the planet. Remember that you should likewise talk with your educator before settling on a particular inquiry or issue to cover. While choosing your social issues point, remember that it's in every case much better to expound on something you're now pretty much familiar with. </p> <h2> Whatever They Told You About Social Commentary Essay Topics Is Dead Wrong...And Here's Why </h2> <p>The evaluation of the content is fundamental. For example, when perusing The Lottery by Shirley Jackson for the absolute first time, the peruser may find that it's befuddling. So you'll be in a situation to comprehend its structure subject to the class of the content. In the occasion the diary requests a par ticular style of designing, it's optimal to carefully stick to the endorsed group. </p> <p>After you have perused the content a few events and featured the words, you can make a blueprint of your critique. For instance, you may be mentioned to find inclination, consider the setting of the content and propose a substitute portrayal of the issue. To get an extremely away from of the content, you may need to peruse it on numerous occasions. On the off chance that the content you're composing an analysis on is a demonstration, you can see that the tone is well disposed with a couple of characters and changes to be not kidding with others. </p> <p>Usually, it ought to get a presentation which distinguishes the fundamental focuses. At school you could be approached to form a pivotal editorial or a basic examination paper. There may be a few focuses which you can evacuate or modify. You could never wish to investigate a few fundamental focuses in 1 section. </p> <p>Perspective pieces may focus on current advances and future bearings on a point, and could comprise of unique information alongside closely-held conviction. Discourse papers may focus on only a solitary book or go about as a technique to thoroughly analyze numerous writings. They are one of a few kinds of papers utilized recorded as a hard copy. Intensive investigation of the entirety of the subtleties of the Lord of the Flies exposition. </p>

The Foolproof Prohibition Research Paper Strategy

<h1>The Foolproof Prohibition Research Paper Strategy </h1> <p>Writing an examination paper is a genuine test for every single understudy. Making a layout preceding beginning composing an extensive research paper will prevent you from sitting around idly perusing disconnected research or veering off point. Following your exploration paper layout is finished, it's a great opportunity to begin composing. Having an incredible research paper diagram additionally guarantees you don't forget about anything. </p> <h2> The Advantages of Prohibition Research Paper </h2> <p>There are numerous sources that you can demand support. By virtue of the seriousness and contrary impact of getting captured for just a weed charge, it's a lot harder for that individual to get an occupation in the current society in view of rivalry in the work business. Conniving is an extremely serious deal. Another huge component for their resurgence may have become the lift in c annabis utilization in the usa during the 1960's or the lift in heroin traffic by virtue of the breakdown of its market in Europe and the Middle East. </p> <h2>The Characteristics of Prohibition Research Paper </h2> <p>If you dwell in a gigantic town, you're well on the way to run over a few magnificent history paper journalists in the neighborhood place. Peruse my paper composing administration surveys and my manual for choosing the perfect help for all that you should comprehend about how to pick the best composing organizations. Or on the other hand you should do editing. Eventually, the post is just garbled. </p> <h2> Want to Know More About Prohibition Research Paper?</h2> <p>This came about because of the Volstead Act. Governments must begin to scrutinize the power of present tobacco control systems. The administration never split back on the alteration and it was easy to conceal. </p> <h2>The Ugly Side of Prohibition Research Paper </h2> <p>Medium doesn't bolster references. In certain examples, the depiction could be two or three sentences. Verify you have enough detail. </p> <p>The horrendous thing about overindulging in liquor, clearly, was that the impacts could be unsafe to all aspects of American life, for example, political procedure itself. Forbiddance additionally affected the sound business in the United States of america, explicitly with jazz. The essentialness of freeing criminal records in the fallout from legitimization may not be downplayed. Regardless of the way that a full scale atomic war is not even close to the open cognizance in the post-Cold War world, inasmuch as atomic weapons exist there's a risk which they will be utilized or inadvertently exploded. </p> <p>Some items can just store encompassing light for a few minutes, however different items can be spared in a ceaseless style and discharged in two or three hours. It disposes of the consequences of the disappointment of elective leave markings and assists with guaranteeing that the closest protected exit can be found in crises. Narcocorridos are easy to excuse. </p> <h2> Prohibition Research Paper - Is it a Scam? </h2> <p>As time passes, however the sentiment of direness among the general open has blurred. It's sufficiently much to introduce your crowd the extensive picture and, from the other side, it won't over-burden them with subtleties and will give you the opportunity to contemplate everything completely. For many, the figure of group ruler Al Capone is a huge part of the charm. Utilizing the situation. </p> <h2> Details of Prohibition Research Paper </h2> <p>Clergymen were at times approached to shape vigilante gatherings to help in the authorization of Prohibition. While this was intended to preserve the vinegar business for American ranchers, likewise, it gave California wineries a way to disrupt Prohibi tion guidelines. Self improvement social orders had wilted away notwithstanding the liquor showcase. In any case, there's no proof to infer that restriction lessens wrongdoing, especially because of the disappointment of forbiddance to diminish the utilization rate, and the basic actuality that legitimization would reduce the capacity of groups of hoodlums. </p> <p>Several of these speakeasies were claimed by groups which were enveloped with the idea that liquor was a somewhat renowned private venture. It essentially made a critical number of racketeers who could flexibly the general population with unlawful liquor. In this way, in most of segments of america, brew really wasn't accessible during Prohibition. </p> <h2> Prohibition Research Paper: No Longer a Mystery</h2> <p>Among the inalienable perils engaged with crafted by pirating alcohol was the opportunity of a commandeering. Immense bottling works were paying off numerous network government authorities for their organizations to stay underway. On the off chance that you knew the right people, you could discover any drink you needed, he clarified. Because of this, restriction definitely adjusted the grape business, putting grapes wherever from a vocation. </p> <p>Minors are in huge part unequipped for settling on an informed choice on the poten tial risks of devouring cannabis, or so the state has a commitment to disallow its utilization. There's not a motivation behind why such a minor offense ought to break your whole future. The Act is incredibly basic as it examines the few cases of inappropriate behavior and how a lady can whine against this kind of conduct. </p> <p>This data, if appropriately took care of, will work as a base for you examination and will allow you to cover all the attributes of the point. At the point when you find an assistance you appreciate, don't disregard to take a gander at my survey of it. It's essential that the administration you settle on knows without a doubt they're just choosing the perfect paper journalists. More or less, the administration exists, so should you need to utilize it so as to locate a top article, that is reason enough. </p>